1.0 Introduction

This document describes the requirements for the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) saturated zone transport module. The module is specifically designed as an object for inclusion in the Framework for Risk Analysis in Multimedia Environmental Systems (FRAMES), which is a platform that allows linking of various multimedia modules into complete source/transport/exposure assessment systems (Whelan et al., 1997). These requirements can be used by software engineers and testers to ensure this module meets the needs of the clients and users.

2.0 Purpose of the MEPAS Saturated Zone Transport Module

The purpose of the MEPAS saturated zone transport module is to simulate the migration and fate of chemical and radionuclide constituents through saturated porous media (e.g., aquifers). Input to the module consists of time-varying contaminant mass (or activity) fluxes entering the aquifer, the physical characteristics of the aquifer itself, and the constituent properties. Output consists of time-varying contaminant mass fluxes exiting the aquifer or time-varying contaminant aqueous concentrations at a point within the aquifer. Currently, contaminant mass fluxes entering the aquifer can originate from a source term within the aquifer or from a vadose zone. The aquifer’s physical characteristics are entered through a module user interface (MUI), and constituent properties are obtained from a constituent property database. The output contaminant mass fluxes can be used as input to a river module, and contaminant aqueous concentrations can be used as input to an exposure module. In addition, the output contaminant mass fluxes or aqueous concentrations also can serve as the endpoint of the simulation.

3.0 Summary of Requirements for the MEPAS Saturated Zone Transport Module

This section provides an overall summary of the requirements for the MEPAS saturated zone transport module. Detailed input, output, and scientific requirements are described in Sections 4, 5 and 6.

The MEPAS saturated zone transport module will

• simulate contaminant migration for both chemicals and radionuclides through saturated porous media (e.g., aquifers) and provide output consisting of instantaneous, time-varying, contaminant mass fluxes exiting the aquifer or instantaneous, time-varying, contaminant aqueous concentrations at a point location within the aquifer
• have no limits on the number of constituents considered in a scenario
• have no restrictions on the number of point locations within the saturated zone at which concentrations are computed
• operate under Windows 95 and have a user-friendly MUI with a standard Windows look and feel
• meet the module specifications for FRAMES.

4.0 Input Requirements for the MEPAS Saturated Zone Transport Module

Data needed to simulate contaminant migration through a saturated zone is obtained from three sources. The boundary conditions (i.e., time-varying, contaminant mass fluxes entering the aquifer, water flux from the previous medium or source term, and source dimensions) are obtained from the previous module (i.e., source term or vadose zone). The aquifer’s physical characteristics and the constituent’s distribution coefficient (Kd) are obtained from the user through the MUI. Constituent chemical properties are obtained from a chemical property database. The boundary conditions are communicated to the module through the Water Flux File (WFF). The aquifer’s physical characteristics are communicated from the MUI to the model through the Global Input Data file (GID) and the model’s pre-processor. The GID file is also used to store the chemical property data. The specifications for the WFF and GID file are described in Whelan et al. (1997).

There are some general requirements associated with the MUI, which are

• The MUI will operate in Windows 95 and will have a standard Windows look and feel.
• The MUI will have on-line help in an HTML format that provides users with an easy-to-understand description of all input parameters required by the MUI.
• The MUI will provide users with a choice of units for all input parameters having dimensions associated with them.
• The MUI will include a reference feature in which the source of the specified value for each input item can be referenced if the user desires.
• The MUI will show the range of values allowed for each input data item, when the cursor is positioned on that item, as a scrolling message at the bottom of the screen. When an out-of-range value is entered in a field, the MUI will indicate this by a red background in the input field and a scrolling error message in addition to the allowed range message. Data input values within range are shown with a green field background.
• The MUI will display the module version number, obtained from the module description (DES) file, in an About menu.

The following data are obtained from the WFF by the MEPAS saturated zone transport module. Those items listed as required are needed by the module to perform its computations. Other items are read and simply reported to the output WFF, in order to meet the WFF specifications:

• time-varying, instantaneous solute fluxes entering the aquifer (required)
• width and length of the horizontal interface plane (i.e., a plane at the water table) through which solute enters the aquifer, if the previous medium is a vadose zone (required)
• width and height of the vertical interface plane (i.e., a plane perpendicular to the water table) through which solute enters the aquifer, if the previous medium is a saturated zone (required)
• distance from the water table to the top of the interface plane (should be zero if the previous medium is a vadose zone, otherwise is greater than or equal to zero if the previous medium is a saturated zone) (required)
• natural recharge rate
• time-varying, instantaneous water flux entering the aquifer (required when the previous medium is a vadose zone).

The following data are obtained from the MUI and are needed by the MEPAS saturated zone transport module to perform its computations:

• medium thickness
• total porosity
• effective porosity
• dry bulk density
• Darcian groundwater flow velocity
• longitudinal dispersivity (i.e., x-dispersivity)
• lateral dispersivity (i.e., y-dispersivity)
• vertical dispersivity (i.e., z-dispersivity)
• longitudinal travel distance (i.e., x-coordinate) from the center of the source to the point at which solute concentrations are computed or to the plane through which solute fluxes are computed
• lateral distance (i.e., y-coordinate) from the center of the source to the point at which solute concentrations are computed
• vertical distance (z-coordinate) from the upper surface of the aquifer (e.g., water table) to the point at which concentrations are computed
• constituent distribution coefficient (Kd)
• percentage of the input contaminant mass flux that actually enters the aquifer

The MEPAS saturated zone transport module obtains the following data from the chemical property section of the GID file:

• CASID (Chemical Abstracts Service ID Number)
• decay/degradation half-life
• decay chain (for radionuclides)
• solubility limit
• carbon-matter partition coefficient (Koc) (for organics)

The MUI provides users with an estimate of the Kd for each contaminant based on soil property data entered by the user. The Kd values are computed according to Strenge and Peterson (1989). The following soil property data are needed for this estimate:

• percentage of sand
• percentage of silt
• percentage of clay
• percentage of organic matter
• percentage of iron and aluminum
• pH of the pore water
• carbon-matter partition coefficient (obtained from the chemical database)

In addition to allowing the user to enter their own Kd values, the MUI will provide the user with options to automatically use the estimated Kd value for single constituents or automatically use estimates for all constituents.

5.0 Output Requirements for the MEPAS Saturated Zone Transport Module

The MEPAS saturated zone transport module is required to output its results to a WFF (for contaminant mass flux results) or Water Concentration File (WCF) (for contaminant aqueous concentration results). The module is also required to produce a listing file (*.WLS file) that documents the data actually read in by the model and provides a summary of intermediate calculation results (e.g., retardation factor and decay constant) and the simulation results (peak flux or concentration and time of peak).

The following data are output to the WFF for contaminant mass flux results:

• instantaneous, time-varying, contaminant mass fluxes exiting the aquifer
• width and height of the vertical interface plane (i.e., a plane perpendicular to the water table) through which contaminant exits the aquifer
• distance from the water table to the top of the vertical interface plane through which contaminant exits the aquifer
• natural recharge rate
• time-varying, instantaneous water flux exiting the aquifer through the vertical interface plane

Data output to the WCF for contaminant aqueous concentration results includes instantaneous, time-varying, contaminant aqueous concentrations for each receptor locations in the aquifer.

6.0 Scientific Requirements for the MEPAS Saturated Zone Transport Module

This section describes the scientific requirements for the MEPAS saturated zone transport module. The primary scientific requirements are

• obey the Law of Mass Conservation
• simulate advection in one dimension
• simulate dispersion in three dimensions
• account for the decay of radionuclides and be able to handle the degradation of chemicals
• account for the ingrowth of progeny resulting from decay/degradation and be able to handle decay chains with up to nine members (i.e., one parent and eight progeny)
• compute solute fluxes exiting the aquifer when the aquifer is not the last transport medium in the scenario
• compute solute concentrations at the aquifer (downgradient) boundary when the aquifer is the last transport medium in the scenario
• account for the effect that adsorption of contaminant to soil particles has on travel time through the aquifer
• account for the effect that water flowing into the aquifer from a vadose zone has on contaminant aqueous concentrations in the aquifer, especially in proximity to the source (i.e., handle both near-field and far-field cases)

The implementation of these requirements, in the form of mathematical formulations, are documented in Whelan et al. (1996). However, their document is out-of-date with respect to the effect of inflowing water from the vadose zone. The current technique to handle both near-field and far-field cases is described only in project quality assurance documentation.

7.0 References

Strenge, D. L., and S. R. Peterson. 1989. Chemical Data Bases for the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS): Version 1. PNL-7145, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington.

Whelan, G., J. P. McDonald, and C. Sato. 1996. Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS): Groundwater Pathway Formulations. PNNL-10907, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.