Comprehensive Chemical Exposure Framework

Title Page

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Literature Review
2.1 General Model Review
2.2 Exposure & Impact Review
  2.2.1 Reference List
  2.2.2 Exposure Models
  2.2.3 Exposure Databases

3.0 Model Framework

4.0 Scenarios

5.0 Qualitative Analysis

6.0 Recommendations

7.0 References

Appendix A

2.2.2 Exposure Models and Methods


Air Resources Board (1998), Research Notes for 1989 through 1998 at http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/resnotes/toc.htm.

Andersen, M et al (2000) Application of a hybrid CFD-PBPK nasal dosimetry model in an inhalation risk assessment: an example with acrylic acid. Toxicol.Sci. 57 (2):312-325.

Bard, D (1995) [Principles of evaluation of public health risk for environmental exposures]. Rev.Epidemiol.Sante Publique 43 (5):423-431.

Bjorklund, J.R., J.F. Bowers, G.C. Dodd and J.M. White (1998) Open Burn/Open Detonation Dispersion Model (OBODM) User’s Guide, Vols. I and II, DPG Document No. DPG-TR-96-008a and 008b, U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT.

Botto, LD and Khoury MJ (2001) Commentary: facing the challenge of gene-environment interaction: the two-by-four table and beyond. Am.J.Epidemiol. 153 (10):1016-1020.

Bouyer J, Dardenne J, and Hemon D (1995) Performance of odds ratios obtained with a job-exposure matrix and individual exposure assessment with special reference to misclassification errors. Scand.J.Work Environ.Health 21 (4):265-271.

Brouwer, DH et al (2001) A dermal model for spray painters. Part I: subjective exposure modelling of spray paint deposition. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 45 (1):15-23.

Cassee, FR et al (1998) Toxicological evaluation and risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Crit Rev.Toxicol. 28 (1):73-101.

Cleaver, R.P., M.R. Marshall, and P.F Linden (1994) The build-up of concentration within a single enclosed volume following a release of natural gas,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 36: 209-226.

Cleek, RL and Bunge AL (1993) A new method for estimating dermal absorption from chemical exposure. 1. General approach. Pharm.Res. 10 (4):497-506.

Coakley, S, et al. (2000) Ambient Air Quality Consultation No. 43-EL-1485-00, Air Dispersion Modeling Evaluation for Military Munitions, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, August.

Cohen Hubal, EA, Sheldon, LS, Burke, JM, McCurdy, TR, Berry, MR, Rigas, ML, Zartarian, VG, Freeman, NCG (2000) Children’s Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children’s Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess that Exposure, Environ Health Perspect 108: 475-486.

Cranmer, MF (1977) Estimation of risks due to environmental carcinogenesis. Med.Pediatr.Oncol. 3 (2):169-198.

Devillers, J et al. (1997) Occupational exposure modeling with ease. SAR QSAR.Environ.Res. 6 (1-2):121-134.

Diaz, J et al (1999) Modeling of air pollution and its relationship with mortality and morbidity in Madrid, Spain. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 72 (6):366-376.

Dragula, C and Burin G (1994) International harmonization for the risk assessment of pesticides: results of an IPCS survey. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. 20 (3 Pt 1):337-353.

Dunham, ML, Bullock WH, and Oestenstad RK (2001) A practical approach to exposure assessment programs in the private sector: a partial validation study of a qualitative chemical exposure assessment model. Appl.Occup.Environ.Hyg. 16 (2):257-262.

Dunnette, DA (1989) Assessing risks and preventing disease from environmental chemicals. J.Community Health 14 (3):169-186.

EPA. (1994) Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children. EPA 540-R-93-081

Feijtel, TC, Webb SF, and Matthijs E (2000) Predictive exposure modelling--a case study with a detergent surfactant. Food Chem.Toxicol. 38 (1 Suppl):S43-S50.

Flegal, KM, Keyl PM, and Nieto FJ (1991) Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement. Am.J.Epidemiol. 134 (10):1233-1244.

Gahm, J.B. (1983) Computer Fire Code VI, Volume I, National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Science and Technology), NSB GCR 83-451, 116 p. http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire81/art001.html

Gelston, G. M., G. Whelan, B. L. Hoopes, and R. Y. Taira, (1998) User Features of Framework for Frames, Society for Risk Analysis 1998 Annual Meeting.

Georgopoulos PG, Purushothaman V, and Chiou R (1997) Comparative evaluation of methods for estimating potential human exposure to ozone: photochemical modeling and ambient monitoring. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. 7 (2):191-215.

Gilham, S., D.M. Deaves, R.P. Hoxey, C.R. Boon, and A. Mercer (1997) Gas build-up within a single building volume - comparison of measurements with both CFD and simple zone modeling, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 53: 93-114.

Gregory, W.S., S.W. Claybrook, E. Hensel, R. Stuart, and W. McCorkle (1992) FIRAC-PC Users Manual, Los Alamos National Laboratory, May.

Hamey, PY (2001) An example to illustrate the potential use of probabilistic modelling to estimate operator exposure to pesticides. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 45 Suppl 1:S55-S64.

Hartman, W.A. (1996) A Model for Mixing Volume Effects on the Consequence Analysis Source Term, 6th Annual Safety Analysis Workshop, June 3-7, Knoxville, TN.

Hansen, J (2000) Elevated risk for male breast cancer after occupational exposure to gasoline and vehicular combustion products. Am.J.Ind.Med. 37 (4):349-352.

Holt, MS et al (2000) Monitoring, modelling and environmental exposure assessment of industrial chemicals in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 41 (11):1799-1808.

Hopper, LD and Oehme FW (1989) Chemical risk assessment: a review. Vet.Hum.Toxicol. 31 (6):543-554.

Indoor Environment Department of Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (2001) http://eande.lbl.gov/IE.html.

Ings, RM (1990) Interspecies scaling and comparisons in drug development and toxicokinetics. Xenobiotica 20 (11):1201-1231.

Johannsen, FR (1990) Risk assessment of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic chemicals. Crit Rev.Toxicol. 20 (5):341-367.

Karcher, W (1998) Recent Trends and Developments in the EU in the Environmental Control and Management of Chemicals. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 40 (1/2):97-102.

Karlsson, E. (1994) Indoor deposition reducing the effect of toxic gas clouds in ordinary buildings." Journal of Hazardous Materials 38: 313-327.

Klecka, G.M. D. Mackay, R.S. Boethling, T.E. McKone, et al. (1999) Evaluation of Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: Summary of a SETAC Pellston Workshop, report issued as a supplement to Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18(8), LBNL-43720.

Krieger RI, Ross JH, and Thongsinthusak T (1992) Assessing human exposures to pesticides. Rev.Environ.Contam Toxicol. 128:1-15.

Kromhout H, Swuste P, and Boleij JS (1994) Empirical modelling of chemical exposure in the rubber-manufacturing industry. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 38 (1):3-22.

Lange, FC and Grann AK (2000) Modelling of skin exposure from distributed sources. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 44 (7):529-532.

Langford IH, Bentham G, and McDonald AL (1998) Multi-level modeling of geographically aggregated health data: a case study on malignant melanoma mortality and UV exposure in the European Community. Stat.Med. 17 (1):41-57.

Lee, B.E., M. Hussain, and B. Soliman (1980) Predicting Natrual Ventilation Forces Upon Low-Rise Buildings, ASHRAE Journal, February, 35-39.

Lyles, RH, and Kupper LL (1997) A detailed evaluation of adjustment methods for multiplicative measurement error in linear regression with applications in occupational epidemiology. Biometrics 53 (3):1008-1025.

MacIntosh DL et al (1995) A population-based exposure model for benzene. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. 5 (3):375-403.

MacIntosh DL et al (1996) Dietary exposures to selected metals and pesticides. Environ.Health Perspect. 104 (2):202-209.

National Research Council (1991) Chapter 6, Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities, http://www.nap.edu/books/0309042844/html/169.html

Naugle, DF, and Pierson TK (1991) A framework for risk characterization of environmental pollutants. J.Air Waste Manage.Assoc. 41 (10):1298-1307.

Nurminen M, Nurminen T, and Corvalan CF (1999) Methodologic issues in epidemiologic risk assessment. Epidemiology 10 (5):585-593.

Ott, W.R., and Switzer, P. (2000) Analytical Solutions of Compartmental Indoor Air Quality Models: the Two-Compartment Case,” Department of Statistics, Sequoia Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Özdemir, I.B., J.H. Whitelaw, and A.F. Biçen (1993) Flow structures and their relevance to passice scalar transport in fume cupboards, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 207, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Design, 103-115.

Özdemir, I.B., J.H. Whitelaw, and A.F. Biçen (1996) Flow properties and passive scalar transport in a model room with relevance to ventilation efficiency, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 210, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Design, 103-115.

Paustenbach, DJ (1990) Health risk assessment and the practice of industrial hygiene. Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J. 51 (7):339-351.

Pellizzari, E et al (1995) Population-based exposure measurements in EPA region 5: a phase I field study in support of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. 5 (3):327-358.

Piver WT, Jacobs TL, and Medina MA, Jr. (1997) Evaluation of health risks for contaminated aquifers. Environ.Health Perspect. 105 Suppl 1:127-143.

Raaschou-Nielsen, O et al (2000) An air pollution model for use in epidemiological studies: evaluation with measured levels of nitrogen dioxide and benzene. J.Expo.Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. 10 (1):4-14.

Rappaport, SM (1991) Assessment of long-term exposures to toxic substances in air. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 35 (1):61-121.

Rappaport SM, Kromhout H, and Symanski E (1993) Variation of exposure between workers in homogeneous exposure groups. Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J. 54 (11):654-662.

Rasouli, F. and T.A. Williams (1995) Application of Dispersion Modeling to Indoor Gas Release Scenarios,” Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 45: 191-195.

Robins JM, Mark SD, and Newey WK (1992) Estimating exposure effects by modelling the expectation of exposure conditional on confounders. Biometrics 48 (2):479-495.

Saleem, Z. A., C. M. Marin, Ambiotec, Inc., Harlingen, TX; and D. Guvanasen (1999) An Overview of the Multimedia, Multipathway, and Multireceptor Risk Assessment (3MRA) Framework for HWIR, Society for Risk Analysis 1999 Annual Meeting. http://www.riskworld.com/Abstract/1999/SRAam99/ab9ab299.htm

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino (1998) A User's Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model (Version 5.0)., Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA.

Scire, J.S., F. R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, and R.J. Yamartino (1998) A User's Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model (Version 5.0), Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA.

Sheehy, JW and McJilton, CE (1987) Development of a model to aid in reconstruction of historical silica dust exposures in the taconite industry. Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J. 48 (11):914-918.

Singh, RB and Huber, AH (2000) Development of a microscale emission factor model for CO for predicting real-time motor vehicle emissions. J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc. 50 (11):1980-1991.

Smith, TJ (1991) Pharmacokinetic models in the development of exposure indicators in epidemiology. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 35 (5):543-560.

Sweetman, AJ et al (2000) Human exposure to PCDD/Fs in the UK: the development of a modelling approach to give historical and future perspectives. Environ.Int. 26 (1-2):37-47.

Switzer, P. and W. Ott (2000) Theory of Exposure Models: Derivation of an Indoor-Outdoor Averaging Time Model from the Mass Balance Equation,” Presented at the PM-2000 A&WMA Meeting (January), Department of Statistics, Sequoia Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Sykes, R.I., S.F. Parker, D.S. Henn, C.P. Cerasoli and L.P. Santos (1998) PC-SCIPUFF Version 1.2PD Technical Documentation, ARAP Report No. 718, Titan Corporation, Titan Research & Technology Division, ARAP Group, P.O. Box 2229, Princeton, NJ, 08543-2229.

Symanski, E et al (1998) Comprehensive evaluation of long-term trends in occupational exposure: Part 2. Predictive models for declining exposures. Occup.Environ.Med. 55 (5):310-316.

Symanski E, Chan W, and Chang CC (2001) Mixed-effects models for the evaluation of long-term trends in exposure levels with an example from the nickel industry. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 45 (1):71-81.

Szymczak, W (1998) [Application of BMD models in quantitative evaluation of carcinogenic risk]. Med.Pr 49 (6):579-587.

Taioli, E et al (1994) Application of reliability models to studies of biomarker validation. Environ.Health Perspect. 102 (3):306-309.

Teuschler, LK et al (2000) A multiple-purpose design approach to the evaluation of risks from mixtures of disinfection by-products. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 23 (1):307-321.

Thongsinthusak, T et al (1999) Estimation of dermal absorption using the exponential saturation model. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. 29 (1):37-43.

Van Hemmen, JJ (1993) Predictive exposure modelling for pesticide registration purposes. Ann.Occup.Hyg. 37 (5):541-564.

Van Veen, MP, Fortezza, F, Bloemen, HJTH, Kliest, JJ (1999) Indoor Air Exposure to Volatile Compounds Emitted by Paints: Experiment and Model, J Exposure Analysis and Environ Epidemiology, 9:569-574.

Waters MA, Selvin S, and Rappaport SM (1991) A measure of goodness-of-fit for the lognormal model applied to occupational exposures. Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J. 52 (11):493-502.

Wilkes CR. (1998) Chapter 7: Case study; Chapter 4: Developing exposure estimates. In: Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water: Estimating Uptake Through the Skin and by Inhalation. International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Working Group (Olin SS, ed). New York:CRC Press;183-224.

Wolt, JD et al (2001) Biodegradation kinetics for pesticide exposure assessment. Rev.Environ.Contam Toxicol. 169:123-164.

Zhang Q, Crittenden JC, and Mihelcic JR (2001) Does simplifying transport and exposure yield reliable results? An analysis of four risk assessment methods. Environ.Sci.Technol. 35 (6):1282-1288.

Zartarian, VG, Ozkaynak, H, Burke, JM, Zufall, MJ, Rigas, ML, Furtaw, EJ, Jr. (1999) Estimating Children’s Dermal and Non-Dietary Ingestion Exposure and Dose with EPA’s Sheds Model, Society for Risk Analysis 1999 Annual Meeting.

Zartarian, VG, Ozkaynak, H, Burke, JM, Zufall, MJ, Rigas, ML, Furtaw, EJ, Jr. (2000) A Modeling Framework for Estimating Children’s Residential Exposure and Dose to Chloryrifos via Dermal Residue Contact and Non-Dietary Ingestion, Environ Health Perspect 108: 505-514.